| 1. 节奏/Rhythms |
节奏是音乐的基本组成部分。是按照时值和重音，即音长和音的力度组织起来的一系列音。
Rhythm is an essential element of music. It is the arrangement of durations and stresses, the relative length of notes
and the relative strength of accents. |
| 2. 节拍/Pulse |
节拍是有固定节奏音乐中的有规律的节奏。可以用一秒内的拍数来表示，用节拍器或类似器具来计量。
Pulse is the underlying regular beat in a piece of mensural music. This may be indicated numerically by the number of
beats in a second, measured mechanically by a metronome or other such device. |
| 3. 节拍/Meter (Metre) |
节拍是音乐作品中重复强弱音中的一系列等音值。在音乐作品的开始部分或在节拍改变的部分用拍号来表示。节拍在此处的用途与其在诗文中
长音节的抑扬短长等作用相似。
Meter (metre) is the arrangement of a series of notes of equal duration in a repeated pattern of accents, weak notes and
strong notes in a piece of music. It is indicated by a time signature at the beginning of a piece of music or at a point
where there is a change of meter (metre). The use of the word is analogous to its use in verse, with its traditional metrical
units of iambus, trochee, dactyl and so on. |
| 4. 小节/Measure (Bar) |
小节是度量单位，即两条小节线之间的部分。
A measure or bar is a metrical unit, the space between two bar-lines. |
| 5. 音乐记谱法/Music notation |
音乐记谱法是指音符通用书写方法。整个历史和各民族的记谱方法千差万别。在今天的调性音乐中，记谱通常使用五线谱，把音符标在五线谱
上。其他音乐形式可能需要不同的记谱方法。
Music notation is a general term to describe the writing down of music. Systems of notation differ widely throughout
history and from culture to culture. The way of writing music down in tonal music today is normally by staff notation, using
note symbols on the five-line staff or stave. Other forms of music may need different systems of notation. |
| 6. 固定音值/Note values |
固定音值在传统调性音乐中用不同的标识来表示相对时值。这些标识包括符头，符干，符尾或连音线。
Note values in traditional tonal music are represented by symbols of various kinds, which indicate relative duration.
These symbols include note heads, with the necessary stems and flags or beams. |
| 7. 全音/Whole notes |
全音用XXX来表示，等于两个半音或四个四分音符。在拍号中用数字1来表示。
A whole note or semibreve is indicated by the symbol XXX and is equivalent in duration to two half notes or minims or
four quarter notes or crotchets. It is represented in time signatures by the number 1. |
| 8. 半音/Half notes |
半音用XXX来表示，等于半个全音或两个四分音符。在拍号中用数字2来表示。
A half note or minim is indicated by the symbol XXX and is equivalent in duration to half a whole note or semibreve, or
two quarters notes or crotchets. It is represented in time signatures by the number 2. |
| 9. 四分音符/Quarter notes |
四分音符用XXX来表示，等于半个半音或一个四分之一全音。在拍号中用数字4来表示。
A quarter note or crotchet is indicated by the symbol XXX and is equivalent in duration to half a half note or minim, or
a quarter of a whole note or semibreve. It is represented in time signatures by the number 4.. |
| 10. 八分音符/8th note |
八分音符用XXX来表示，等于半个四分音符，一个四分之一半音，八分之一全音。在拍号中用数字8来表示。
TAn 8th note or quaver is indicated by the symbol XXX and is equivalent in duration to half a quarter note or crotchet,
a quarter of a half note or minim, and an eighth of a whole note or semibreve. It is represented in time signatures by the
number 8. |
| 11. 十六分音符/16th note |
十六分音符用XXX来表示，等于半个八分音符，一个四分之一的四分音符，八分之一的半音，十六分之一的全音。在拍号中用数字16来表示。
A 16th note or semiquaver is indicated by the symbol XXX and is equivalent in duration to half an 8th note or quaver, a
quarter of a quarter note or crotchet, an eighth of a half note or minim, and a sixteenth of a whole note or semibreve. It is
respresented in time signatures by the number 16. |
| 12. 三十二分音符/32nd note |
三十二分音符用XXX来表示，等于半个十六分音符，一个四分之一的八分音符，八分之一的四分音符，十六分之一的半音，三十二分之一的全音
。在拍号中用数字32来表示，虽然使用相对较少。
A 32nd note or demisemiquaver is indicated by the symbol XXX and is equivalent in duration to half a 16th note or
semiquaver, a quarter of an 8th note or quaver, and eighth of a quarter note or crotchet, a sixteenth of a half note or minim
and a thirty-second of a whole note or semibreve. It is represented in time signatures by the number 32, although its
occurrence there is relatively rare. |
| 13. 六十四分音符/64th note |
六十四分音符用XXX来表示，等于半个三十二分音符，四分之一的十六分音符，八分之一的八分音符，十六分之一的四分音符，三十二分之一的
半音，六十四分之一的全音。在拍号中用数字64来表示，虽然使用相对较少。
A 64th note or hemidemisemiquaver is indicated by the symbol XXX and is equivalent in duration to half a 32nd note or
demisemiquaver, a quarter of a 16th note or semiquaver, an eighth of an 8th note or quaver, a sixteenth of a quarter note or
crotchet, a thirty-second of a half note or minim, and a sixty-fourth of a whole note or semibreve. It is represented in time
signatures by the number 64, although its occurrence there is relatively rare. |
| 14. 连音线/Beam |
在较短时值的八分音符组合在一起时，连音线用于代替符尾。单连音线可以加在八分音符上，双连音线可以加在十六分音符上，三连音线加在
三十二分音符上，以此类推。使用连音线而不是单独的符尾取决于节拍，一组音符添加连音线要遵守该规则。举例来说，在一个节拍的最后一
个音和另一个节拍的第一个音间添加连音线就是错的。在声乐作品中，通常使用单独的符尾；可能在几个音之间使用连音线而不是在一节上。
A beam is used to replace flags when 8th notes or quavers or notes of shorter duration are grouped together. A single
beam may join 8th notes or quavers, with a double beam for 16th notes or semiquavers, a triple beam for 32nd notes, and so
on. The use of beams rather than individual flags is dictated by the beat, with which note groups joined by a beam must
conform. It would be wrong, for example, to join the last note of a beat with the first of another by a beam. In vocal music
it is usual to use separate flags for separate syllables; beams might be used for a number of notes set against one syllable
of text. |
| 15. 时值/Duration |
音乐用时间来度量，音符的时值就是该音符的持续时间。半音的时值是全音的一半。不同音符时值是节奏的基本构成要素。
Music is measured in time and the duration of a note is the time it last in relations to other notes. Thus the duration
of a half note or minim is half that of a whole note or semibreve. Different note lengths or durations are an essential
element in rhythm. |
| 16. 时值标识/Durational symbols |
用于记谱的时值标识包括符头，符尾或连音线。其他标识有符点，标在音符后，使该音符延长半音。四分音符标两个符点，使该音符时值增至1
1/4。半音加符点，时值等于三个四分音符。半音加两个符点，时值等于三个四分音符或一个八分音符。
Durational symbols in music notation include the forms of note heads, flags or beams used. A further symbol is the dot,
which, placed after a note, adds half that note's length. A second dot adds a further quarter, making an increase in a note's
duration of 1 1/4. Thus a dotted half note or minim is equal in length to three quarter notes or crotchets. A double dotted
half note or minim is equal in length to three quarter notes or crotchets and an 8th note or quaver. |
| 17. 符尾/Flag |
习惯上以符尾添加在符干上以表示对时值的进一步划分。带两个符尾的符干，以其外形得名， 表示一个16分音符，带一个符尾的符干，表示一
个8分音符，以此类推。
Flags have long been added to stems to indicate further divisions of duration. Thus a stem with two flags, so called
from their appearance, indicates a 16th note or semiquaver, a note of half the duration of a stem with one flag, an 8th note
or quaver, and so on. |
| 18. 休止符/Rest |
休止符标识声音中止。不同的部分使用不同的符号来表示不同时值的休止。
A rest indicates an absence of sound. Different signs are used to indicate different durations of silence in an
individual part. |
| 19. 全休止符/Whole rest |
全休止符表示全音时值的声音中断。用XXX来表示，在五线谱的任意线下标注的黑色矩形。
A whole rest or semibreve rest indicates absence of sound for the duration of a whole note or semibreve. It is
represented by the symbol XXX , a black oblong placed below any line of the staff. |
| 20. 二分休止符/Half rest |
二分休止符表示半音时值的声音中断。用XXX来表示，在五线谱的任意线上标注的黑色矩形。
A half rest or minim rest indicates absence of sound for the duration of a half note or minim. It is represented by the
symbol XXX, a black oblong placed above any line on the staff. |
| 21. 四分休止符/Quarter rest |
四分休止符表示四分音符时值的声音中断。用XXX或XXX来表示。
A quarter rest or crotchet rest indicates absence of sound for the duration of a quarter note or crotchet. It is
represented by the symbol XXX, or XXX. |
| 22. 八分休止符/8th rest |
八分休止符表示八分音符时值的声音中断。用XXX来表示。
An 8th rest or quaver rest indicates absence of sound for the duration of an 8th note or quaver. It is represented by
the symbol XXX. |
| 23. 十六分休止符/16th rest |
十六分休止符表示十六分音符时值的声音中断。用XXX来表示。
A 16th rest or semiquaver rest indicates an absence of sound for the duration of a 16th note or semiquaver. It is
represented by the symbol XXX. |
| 24. 三十二分休止符/32nd rest |
三十二分休止符表示三十二分音符时值的声音中断。用XXX来表示。
A 32nd rest or demisemiquaver rest indicates an absence of sound for the duration of a 32nd note or demisemiquaver. It
is represented by the symbol XXX. |
| 25. 六十四分休止符/64th rest |
六十四分休止符表示六十四分音符时值的声音中断。用XXX来表示。
A 64th rest or hemidemisemiquaver rest indicates an absence of sound for the duration of a 64th note or
hemidemisemiquaver. It is represented by the symbol XXX. |
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